Xi's Moscow Visit- Transcript of the Joint Statement

Why China Continues to Reference the Post-WWII Order

After reading through the joint statement, I found a large portion was talking about WWII history and post-war order, and I’m sure many of my readers would think it’s no more than a Cliché to talk about the “Post-WWII order” at this time. However, I will still emphasize that China has its reasons to remember it, and it’s not just nationalism. The victory in WWII marked the end of China's "Century of Humiliation" - a psychological turning point that restored national dignity after decades of foreign incursions. This historical memory remains deeply embedded in Chinese consciousness, not just among intellectuals, but also the public.

Geopolitically, China is a significant beneficiary of the post-war international order. Its permanent seat on the UN Security Council affirmed China's status as a major world power. Perhaps more crucially, the 1943 Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Declaration recognized mainland sovereignty over Taiwan - diplomatic foundations that remain central to China's claims today. Economically, the post-war peace guaranteed the flow of trade and became an enabler of Chinese reform and opening up.

So, when Beijing emphasizes "the correct historical view of World War II," it's not mere ceremonial rhetoric. It's reinforcing critical elements of international recognition and legitimacy that underpin China's current global position.

After comparing it with the previous one issued last May, I have two highlights of the new joint statement:

1. More direct criticism of the US. The statement no longer uses vague terms like "certain countries" but directly refers to "resolutely responding to the U.S. 'dual containment' policy against China and Russia," and clearly opposes "attempts by the United States and its allies to advance NATO's eastward expansion into the Asia-Pacific." This change in expression shows that China and Russia have formed a clearer common understanding of the Trump administration’s uncertainty. It also reflects a more pessimistic judgment about US strategic intentions, that confrontation has become a long-term trend.

2. In the new joint statement, cooperation within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has been refined to include specific institution-building, such as "accelerating the establishment of a Comprehensive Center for Responding to Security Threats and Challenges in Tashkent, and a Counter-Narcotics Center in Dushanbe." Furthermore, the new statement mentions cooperation between the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and China, which at this stage primarily focuses on preventing "interference by external forces" (which I think mainly refers to extremist and terrorist organizations), indicating that relations between China and this security organization predominantly led by Russia are warming up.

Only one part about Ukraine:

为稳步持久解决乌克兰危机，双方认为必须在充分完全遵循《联合国宪章》原则基础上消除危机根源，恪守安全不可分割原则，兼顾各国合理安全利益和关切。为此，双方支持一切有利于争取和平的努力。俄方积极评价中方在乌克兰问题上的客观公正立场，欢迎中方愿为通过政治外交途径解决乌克兰危机发挥建设性作用。中方将继续通过“和平之友”小组等平台致力于推动危机政治解决。

To steadily and permanently resolve the Ukraine crisis, both sides believe it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis on the basis of full and complete adherence to the principles of the UN Charter, uphold the principle of indivisible security, and take into account the reasonable security interests and concerns of all countries. To this end, both sides support all efforts conducive to peace. The Russian side positively evaluates China's objective and impartial position on the Ukraine issue, and welcomes China's willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means. China will continue to work toward a political resolution of the crisis through platforms such as the "Friends of Peace" group.

Below is the full text: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/zyxw/202505/t20250509_11617671.shtml

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Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination for the New Era on the Occasion of Commemorating the 80th Anniversary of the Victory in China's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Soviet Great Patriotic War, and the Establishment of the United Nations

At the invitation of Russian Federation President Putin, President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China paid a state visit to the Russian Federation from May 7 to 10, 2025. The two heads of state held formal talks in Moscow, jointly signed and issued this joint statement. On May 9, President Xi Jinping attended the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Soviet Great Patriotic War.

The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as "the two sides") declare as follows:

I

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in China's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, and the Soviet Great Patriotic War. World War II was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history. China and the Soviet Union, as the main battlefields in Asia and Europe respectively, stood at the forefront against Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany and their vassal states, serving as the two main forces in the fight against militarism and fascism. The Chinese and Soviet peoples suffered tremendous hardships and extremely harsh trials of war from foreign aggression, fought side by side in arduous struggles, provided selfless assistance to each other, made enormous sacrifices, and achieved great victories, establishing great historical merits in defending human dignity and rebuilding world peace.

The defeat of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany announced the bankruptcy of the fascists' plot to dominate the world with anti-human ideology, and completely shattered their attempts to enslave peoples of all countries and strangle the culture, national identity, and traditional values of other nations.

In today's world, China and Russia share the common responsibility and mission of upholding the correct historical view of World War II. The two sides will forever remember the just and heroic deeds of the two peoples in safeguarding world peace, commemorate the tens of millions of martyrs and innocent civilians who sacrificed for the freedom and independence of future generations, and pay high tribute to the old soldiers who performed combat merits and heroic rear workers during the war years. The two sides will continue to attach importance to educating the younger generation to take their predecessors as role models, uphold the indelible patriotic spirit, cultivate responsibility to their country and people, and promote the dauntless spirit of sacrifice for national peace and prosperity.

The two sides will firmly defend the outcomes of the victory in World War II, resolutely crush any attempts to rewrite the history of World War II, belittle and erase the historical achievements of China and Russia in World War II, and tarnish the image of liberators, and strongly condemn acts of desecrating or damaging memorial facilities for World War II martyrs. The two sides are committed to preventing the resurgence of anti-human Nazi and racial superiority ideologies, and will continue to jointly resist the beautification of Nazis and their accomplices, the rise of neo-Nazism, the revival of militarism, and acts that encourage various forms of racism, racial discrimination, and xenophobia.

The two sides call on the international community to respect and uphold the basic principles established by the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the Far East International Military Tribunal, which aim to prevent attempts to wage war, genocide, war crimes, and other crimes against humanity. The judgments of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the Far East International Military Tribunal are the cornerstone of contemporary international law and international order, which cannot be shaken or questioned.

The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the Far East International Military Tribunal ruled that the war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japanese militarists were unprecedented in scale in the history of warfare, with unimaginable cruelty and horror. The massacres and abuses against civilians during World War II were extremely brutal. Based on substantial evidence, the tribunals found that these crimes were part of a plan for the deportation and killing of civilians and the establishment of colonial rule in occupied territories.

The Russian side emphasizes that the crimes of expulsion and killing of Soviet civilians by the Nazis and their accomplices have been confirmed in the judgment of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and should be regarded as genocide against the Soviet people.

The two sides note that the Japanese government should learn lessons from the brutal crimes it committed in history, exercise caution in its words and deeds on historical issues such as the Yasukuni Shrine, and completely cut ties with militarism that once brought deep disasters to the peoples of the world and Japan itself.

To jointly defend historical truth and remember that decisive events in the Asian theater had extremely important significance in promoting Japan's surrender and ultimately achieving world peace, the two sides will continue to hold educational and commemorative activities in various forms, further excavate and research evidence and historical materials of the crimes of Nazi Germany and Japanese militarism during World War II, and jointly hold commemorative activities at places where events that changed the course of World War II occurred.

The two sides emphasize that humanity should forever remember the tragedy of World War II and its causes and lessons, and make every effort to prevent similar tragedies from recurring. China and Russia will firmly stand on the side of international justice and, together with peace-loving peoples around the world, resolutely uphold the post-war international order and build a better future for humanity.

II

The two sides agree that the profound battle friendship and mutual assistance forged by the two peoples in the world's anti-fascist war have laid a solid foundation for the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for the new era. Currently, with the joint efforts of both sides, China-Russia relations have reached the highest level in history and continue to develop stably in all directions, setting an example for building a new type of international relations and becoming a model for cooperation between major countries and the largest neighboring countries in today's world.

Under the strategic guidance of the two heads of state, the two sides adhere to the basic principles established in the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between China and Russia signed on July 16, 2001, and other bilateral documents and declarations, uphold the spirit of permanent good-neighborliness, comprehensive strategic coordination, and mutually beneficial cooperation, continuously consolidate cooperation in various fields, and properly respond to external challenges.

For a long time, China and Russia have formed extensive common interests, and their overall development goals are complementary, constituting a solid foundation for cooperation in various fields. China-Russia relations have unique strategic value and strong internal driving force, neither targeting any third party nor subject to the influence of any third party. Facing the intertwined international situation of change and turbulence, the two sides will maintain strategic determination, always regard each other as priority cooperation partners, jointly resist any attempts to interfere with and disrupt the traditional friendship and deep mutual trust between China and Russia, contribute to each other's development and revitalization, and inject stability and positive energy into the world.

The two sides firmly support each other in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, and stability, firmly oppose any attempts by external forces to hinder the normal development of bilateral relations and interfere in the internal affairs of the two countries, defend the right to independently choose development paths, and support each other in protecting cultural and historical identity and traditional moral values.

The Russian side reaffirms its adherence to the one-China principle, recognizing that there is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China, and the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China. The Russian side opposes "Taiwan independence" in any form and firmly supports measures taken by the Chinese government to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national unification.

The Chinese side supports Russia in safeguarding its national security, stability, development, prosperity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, and opposes external forces' interference in Russia's internal affairs.

The two sides will be guided by head-of-state diplomacy, fully implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, and ensure the high-level operation of government, legislative, and inter-party exchange mechanisms.

The two sides reaffirm that maintaining close relations between the two militaries is of special significance, helping the two countries more forcefully defend sovereignty and national interests and effectively respond to traditional and non-traditional threats and challenges. The two sides will continue to strengthen military and military-technical cooperation, benefiting the peoples of China and Russia and maintaining global and regional security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and coordination, expand the scale and scope of joint military exercises, regularly organize joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen exchanges and cooperation in bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and promote China-Russia military cooperation to a higher level.

The Chinese side attaches importance to and carefully maintains memorial facilities for Soviet martyrs who sacrificed their lives in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which the Russian side highly appreciates. The two sides emphasize the importance of repairing and maintaining World War II martyrs' memorial facilities and will continue cooperation in searching for the remains of martyrs and missing persons and improving relevant laws and regulations.

III

China and Russia are important trading partners for each other. The two sides highly appreciate the significant development achieved in economic relations between the two countries in recent years and agree that bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation has made a positive contribution to improving the well-being of the two peoples. The two sides firmly defend the right to independently develop bilateral economic and trade partnerships. To further promote bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation, the two sides agree to:

— Promote the steady development of bilateral trade and optimize the trade structure by increasing the proportion of high-tech products, developing innovative e-commerce models, and mutually supplying basic materials, mineral resources, agricultural products, etc.

— Deepen investment cooperation, improve the level of cooperation according to the new version of the "China-Russia Investment Cooperation Planning Outline" and the "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investment" signed on May 8, 2025, and create a fair, transparent, and predictable business environment.

— Continuously consolidate the comprehensive energy cooperation partnership, support economic entities in implementing cooperation projects in the fields of oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, civilian nuclear energy, coal, electricity, renewable energy, etc., maintain the stable operation of relevant cross-border infrastructure, and promote the smooth transportation of energy.

— Enhance the level of financial cooperation, expand inter-bank exchanges, strengthen local currency settlement, and deepen cooperation in insurance, credit rating agencies, and the securities sector.

— Improve the construction of China-Russia border port infrastructure, enhance passenger and cargo transportation efficiency, port inspection efficiency, and customs clearance capacity, tap the potential of transit transportation between the two countries, ensure the barrier-free operation of China-Russia cross-border transportation corridors, and strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation on the Arctic route.

— Strengthen industrial cooperation, expand cooperation in technological innovation, and consolidate industrial chains.

— Tap the potential of scientific and technological cooperation, expand new directions of cooperation in innovation, basic research, and applied research, regularly select joint scientific and technological projects, implement scientific research projects, and support new models of scientific and technological cooperation.

— Comprehensively deepen practical cooperation in various fields such as economy and trade, customs, agriculture, transportation, finance, industry, environmental protection, aerospace and satellite navigation, nuclear energy, urban construction, health, information and communication technology, and ensure that bilateral cooperation achieves quality upgrade before 2030.

IV

The two sides support cultural and civilizational diversity, believing that uniqueness is the foundation of a multipolar world, and respect the unique value systems of all countries and peoples.

The two sides are committed to fair, just, open, and inclusive international humanitarian cooperation, firmly oppose the politicization of humanitarian cooperation, oppose the adoption of discriminatory and exclusive means, and oppose undermining the foundation of other countries' cultural sovereignty by exporting harmful ideas and erroneous views.

To prevent the merits of the two peoples in fighting against Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany from being forgotten, China and Russia will continue to resist any attempts to mislead the youth. To protect traditional moral values, correct historical views, and cultural identity, continuously pass on moral codes, and carry forward the friendly traditions of the two peoples and enhance mutual understanding, the two sides agree to:

— Strengthen educational cooperation, improve the legal basis for cooperation, further expand cooperation in general vocational education, secondary vocational education, vocational education training, and between universities of the two countries, strengthen relevant cooperation within multilateral platforms such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, expand the scale of mutual exchange of students, and promote Chinese language teaching in Russia and Russian language teaching in China. Continue to support top universities in the two countries to formulate and implement joint teaching plans and scientific research. Support the development of alliances of similar universities between China and Russia, jointly conduct academic exchanges, and hold scientific and educational activities such as scientific research conferences.

— Support Chinese and Russian media organizations in providing objective and fair coverage of the two countries' friendly relations, economic and social development, etc., deepen policy dialogue, joint production, exchange of audiovisual content, application of new technologies, talent training, and holding major media forums, articulate common external positions in the global media space, and cooperate with each other within the framework of global and regional media organizations. The two sides are willing to work together to strengthen the protection of journalists and safeguard citizens' right to accurate information.

— Support cooperation between the archives departments of the two countries to combat all attempts to falsify history and erase the merits of the two peoples in fighting against Japanese militarism and German fascism.

— Continue to hold high-level activities within the framework of the "China-Russia Cultural Years 2024-2025," deepen exchanges and cooperation in the fields of artistic performances, mutual exhibitions, libraries, art education, and creative industries. Continue to support the holding of library forums, cultural festivals, "Happy Spring Festival" in Moscow, and China-Russia cultural gatherings. Support the holding of a series of "Moscow Festival" activities in Beijing. Encourage representatives from both sides to participate in international music competitions initiated by the other side, such as the "International Pop Song Contest." Further strengthen local exchanges and better leverage the role of cultural centers established by the two countries in each other's countries.

— Continuously promote cooperation in the film field, expand joint film production, and promote the establishment of direct contacts and deepen cooperation between Chinese and Russian filmmakers and institutions. Begin to implement the "Action Plan for Cooperation in Film Production between the China National Film Administration and the Ministry of Culture of Russia until 2030." Encourage the mutual organization of traditional film festivals and animation film weeks and other film cultural activities, support the Russian side in establishing the Eurasian Film Academy and establishing the "Eurasian Open Film Award," and actively consider sending films and promoting film industry figures to participate in relevant award activities.

— Positively evaluate the unique role played by sports in promoting unity and peace, and promote international sports cooperation on the basis of equality and non-politicization. Oppose discrimination against athletes for any reason. Jointly safeguard Olympic values and principles of fair and just sports.

— Further strengthen cooperation in the youth field by implementing cooperation projects and plans in the fields of youth ideal and belief and patriotic education, innovation and entrepreneurship, volunteer service, art, and creative industries. The two sides agree to promote the participation of the younger generation of the two countries in commemorative activities for the 80th anniversary of the victory in China's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Soviet Great Patriotic War.

— Expand youth exchanges at various levels, including local levels, coordinate on multilateral platforms, and promote common propositions on youth development issues.

The two sides highly appreciate the close cooperation between the two countries in the fields of ecological and environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, especially the positive results achieved in giant panda conservation cooperation. Support both sides in strengthening cooperation and exchanges in the protection of Amur tigers and leopards in border areas and cross-border nature conservation areas. The two sides will conduct international cooperative research on golden monkey protection and jointly enhance the capacity to protect rare wildlife.

V

The two sides express concern that certain countries and their allies are attempting to rewrite the outcomes of the victory in World War II, overturn the principles of the post-war international order, weaken the core role of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security, to pursue their own hegemonic private interests.

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to upholding international law, particularly the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and resisting any attempt to distort the basic principles of international law. The purposes and principles of the UN Charter are an integral and fundamental part of international law and should be fully, adequately, and completely observed.

The two sides note that building a more equitable and sustainable multipolar world order is the trend of the times. Certain countries, addicted to hegemonism and neo-colonialism, implement aggressive policies and limit the sovereignty of other countries and suppress their economic and technological development to protect their own privileges, which does not align with the trend of world multipolarity and democratization of international relations.

As independent forces in the process of establishing a multipolar world, the two sides will fully tap the potential of bilateral relations, uphold the international system with the United Nations at its core and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, promote the realization of equal and orderly world multipolarity and democratization of international relations, and gather strength to build a more just and reasonable multipolar world.

As major victors in World War II, founding members of the United Nations, and permanent members of the Security Council, China and Russia emphasize the important significance of commemorating the 80th anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations in 2025, which was one of the main victorious outcomes of World War II.

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to maintaining the central role of the United Nations in coordinating the interests of various countries and uniting to respond to contemporary challenges.

The two sides are willing to engage in closer coordination within the framework of UN institutions such as the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly to promote lasting and just solutions to global issues based on compliance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and balancing the interests of all parties.

The two sides attach great importance to strengthening the work of the "Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter," considering it an effective mechanism for upholding the principles and norms of international law, promoting the construction of a just and democratic multipolar order, and opposing unilateral sanctions and neo-colonialist practices such as the politicization of human rights issues.

The two sides support conducting extensive and equal dialogue on the basis of protecting civilizational diversity and balancing the power and interests of various countries, exploring ways to promote the international pattern to better adapt to the process of world multipolarity in the 21st century.

The Russian side highly appreciates the Global Civilization Initiative and is willing to work with the Chinese side to hold relevant commemorative activities in conjunction with the "International Day of Dialogue of Civilizations" resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, jointly promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, and enhance people-to-people connectivity.

The two sides emphasize that the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives proposed by the Chinese side are of important positive significance. The peoples of all countries share a common destiny, and no country should pursue its own security at the expense of others. The two sides call on all countries to adhere to the principle of indivisible global and regional security, minimize potential conflicts between countries, and call for ensuring common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security through collaboration. The two sides will cooperate on the Global Security Initiative, and the Chinese side attaches importance to the "Eurasian Security Architecture" initiative proposed by the Russian side and is willing to advance the alignment of security concepts and integration of interests with the Russian side to contribute to maintaining world peace and security.

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to seeking political solutions to crises through dialogue and support the international community's constructive participation in the political settlement of hotspot conflicts on the basis of non-interference in internal affairs and eliminating the consequences and roots of conflicts.

The two sides agree that safeguarding the international legal system based on the UN Charter is of great importance for maintaining stability in the Eurasian continent, and advocate that cooperation in security, economic, cultural, and other fields in this region should conform to the trend of multipolar development and benefit all countries in the Eurasian continent.

The two sides emphasize that ensuring a reliable and sustainable Eurasian security system must eliminate the root causes of contradictions between countries and abandon behaviors that create mutual threats. China and Russia firmly condemn any external acts of force and power aimed at undermining the process of Eurasian unity and equal cooperation.

The two sides believe that implementing unilateral mandatory measures, including economic sanctions, bypassing the UN Security Council, violates international law, including the UN Charter, and harms international security interests. The two sides firmly oppose unilateral mandatory measures without basis in international law and not authorized by the Security Council, and condemn the use of intimidation, restriction, coercion, and other means to pressure other countries.

The two sides support the central role of the United Nations in artificial intelligence governance and emphasize the importance of respecting national sovereignty, complying with the laws of various countries, and the UN Charter in this process. They reaffirm their commitment to jointly promoting the benevolent and inclusive development of artificial intelligence, believing that machine learning is conducive to promoting the economic and social development of all countries and should not become a geopolitical tool for certain countries to maintain hegemony. The two sides oppose the politicization of technological issues and negative practices that maliciously undermine the stability of the international industrial and supply chains of artificial intelligence. The Russian side appreciates the Chinese side's promotion of the UN General Assembly's consensus adoption of the resolution "Strengthening International Cooperation for Artificial Intelligence Capacity Building" and welcomes the Chinese side's proposed "Inclusive Plan for Artificial Intelligence Capacity Building," and is willing to actively engage in bilateral and multilateral cooperation through platforms such as the "Group of Friends of International Cooperation for Artificial Intelligence Capacity Building" and the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center. The two sides mutually support the hosting of the 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference and Artificial Intelligence Global Governance High-Level Meeting and the Global Digital Forum.

The two sides reaffirm the extreme importance of international humanitarian assistance for civilians and disaster victims affected by armed conflicts, natural disasters, and other emergency situations, emphasize that all parties should comply with the UN Charter, and call on the international community to carry out international humanitarian assistance in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence, ensuring that the right to survival and basic needs of affected persons are adequately protected. They oppose interfering in the internal affairs of other countries or undermining regional stability in the name of international aid, and oppose the politicization and instrumentalization of international aid issues. The two sides call on the international community to strengthen cooperation in the field of international humanitarian assistance and jointly promote the construction of a more just, reasonable, and effective international humanitarian assistance system to contribute to alleviating humanitarian crises globally.

The two sides agree that plastic pollution is caused by the improper leakage of plastic waste into the environment and are determined to increase efforts to control plastic waste pollution on the basis of respecting the national conditions and sovereignty of various countries, and work with all parties to develop a legally binding instrument to address environmental pollution (including marine pollution) caused by plastic waste.

VI

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen close coordination within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, regarding this as a promising direction for the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for the new era.

The two sides will work with other member states to continue to commit to enhancing the international influence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and promote the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to make practical contributions to building a more just multipolar international pattern with the United Nations at its core and strict adherence to the principles of international law. The two sides will actively deepen coordination within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, laying the foundation for the formation of an equal and indivisible security architecture in the Eurasian continent, and building a common home of peace, stability, mutual trust, development, and prosperity.

Given the above, the two sides consider it a priority to continuously implement the decision made by the Council of Heads of State of the SCO member states on July 4, 2024, regarding the improvement of the Organization's operating mechanisms with the times. The two sides are willing to work with other member states to take measures to accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive center for addressing security threats and challenges in Tashkent and a counter-narcotics center in Dushanbe.

The two sides attach great importance to the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and support the continuous admission of countries that recognize the purposes, tasks, and basic principles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, including recognizing the "Shanghai Spirit" of "mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations, and pursuit of common development." The two sides support strengthening cooperation between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and observer states, dialogue partners, and relevant countries and international organizations in various fields through forms such as "SCO+."

The Russian side supports the Chinese side's work as the rotating chair of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Chinese side supports the Russian side's role as the host country for the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO member states, mutually supporting each other in successfully holding the 2025 summit and prime ministers' meeting. The two sides believe that these leaders' meetings will further effectively release the enormous potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political, security, economic, and humanitarian fields, focus on the programmatic conceptual documents adopted by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, promote the quality and upgrading of economic and trade cooperation, and continuously improve the well-being of the people in the SCO region.

The two sides are willing to promote strategic cooperation in the three areas of political security, economic and financial trade, and cultural exchanges with other BRICS members.

The two sides will be committed to strengthening BRICS cooperation in the fields of trade, finance, minerals, digital economy, public health, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, connectivity, governance, and other areas, and promote BRICS countries to strengthen research and cooperation on bilateral trade settlement in local currencies, international financial architecture reform, sustainable development, food and energy security, addressing climate change, carbon markets, and other issues.

The two sides will assist new member states and partner countries in smoothly integrating into the BRICS cooperation mechanism, continue to promote the enhancement of BRICS' international influence, and strengthen close links between BRICS countries and the broader developing countries through attracting more partner countries to participate in BRICS cooperation, strengthening "BRICS+" and BRICS outreach dialogue and other methods.

The Russian side supports the Global Development Initiative proposed by the Chinese side and will continue to participate in the work of the "Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative." The two sides will continue to promote the international community's focus on development issues, increase development investment, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

VII

The two sides note that certain countries and their allies, using trade and financial restrictions and other unilateral illegal restrictive measures, significantly raising tariffs and other non-market competition means, have negatively impacted the world economy, undermined fair competition, and hindered international cooperation in addressing common challenges for all humanity, including hindering the maintenance of global food security, energy security, and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The two sides condemn despicable actions that bypass the UN Security Council and implement measures that violate the UN Charter and international law, obstruct justice, and violate World Trade Organization rules.

The two sides believe that, based on the basic principle of sovereign equality of states in international law, international obligations regarding the immunity enjoyed by relevant countries and their property (including sovereign reserves) must be strictly observed. The two sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property, emphasizing that the injured countries have the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.

The two sides will continue to work together to respond to downward pressure on the world economy and promote the participation of more Global South countries in international and regional trade. Promote the fair development of the African continent, support the construction of the African Continental Free Trade Area, enabling African countries to integrate into global industrial and supply chains not only as suppliers of raw materials but also as producers of intermediate and end products.

The two sides believe that the risks of global trade fragmentation, discriminatory measures, and increasing irregular trade restrictions are rising. Certain countries, under various pretexts, declare the abusive implementation of tariffs on trading partners, seriously infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of various countries, seriously violating World Trade Organization rules, seriously damaging the rules-based multilateral trading system, and seriously impacting the stability of the global economic order. The two sides firmly oppose the abusive implementation of tariffs and the abuse of export controls and other illegal unilateral bullying measures and unilateral protectionist measures that seriously undermine the international economic and trade order and have adverse negative impacts on global industrial and supply chains.

The two sides are willing to actively promote an open, inclusive, transparent, and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, support the advancement of World Trade Organization rules with the times, and promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. The two sides are willing to strengthen the cooperation dialogue mechanism within the framework of the World Trade Organization, reaffirm the importance of development issues, advance World Trade Organization reform, including the full normal restoration of the dispute settlement mechanism, promote the inclusion of the "Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement" into the World Trade Organization legal framework, prepare for practical outcomes at the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference, and jointly safeguard the interests of developing countries.

The two sides reaffirm their willingness to continue to strengthen constructive cooperation in international mechanisms such as the G20, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, enhance the voice of developing countries in the global governance system, unite Global South countries, advocate for an equal and orderly world multipolarity, and an inclusive and beneficial economic globalization. The two sides attach great importance to the reform of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

The two sides highly appreciate the constructive cooperation between China and Russia in the G20, reaffirm their willingness to continue to promote the enhancement of the G20's role as the main forum for international economic cooperation, jointly promote inclusive and beneficial economic globalization, address global financial and economic challenges based on the basic principle of consensus, and promote the development of the international order in a more just, balanced, and reasonable direction in the three dimensions of economy, society, and ecology. The two sides will strongly support South Africa's work as the G20 rotating presidency in 2025.

The Russian side supports China's hosting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting in 2026. The two sides will continue to engage in close and mutually beneficial cooperation within the APEC framework, promote the comprehensive and balanced implementation of the Putrajaya Vision, jointly build an Asia-Pacific community, promote the construction of an open world economy, jointly advance the process of regional economic integration in the Asia-Pacific, support the construction of the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific, and create a free, open, inclusive, non-discriminatory, and predictable trade and investment environment; strengthen communication and coordination, and jointly promote practical cooperation in various fields such as connectivity and digital economy, and address pressing economic and social challenges.

Given the importance of deepening economic integration and system cooperation in the Eurasian region, the two sides will continue to promote the implementation of the "Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Eurasian Economic Union on Economic and Trade Cooperation" signed on May 17, 2018, carry out agreement upgrade work in due course, enhance trade facilitation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union, and jointly commit to the alignment of the Belt and Road Initiative with the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union, promote the parallel and coordinated development of the Belt and Road Initiative and the construction of the "Greater Eurasian Partnership," and strengthen dialogue between regional organizations such as the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and ASEAN.

VIII

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability, working together to address challenges and threats in relevant fields, and advocate for comprehensive consideration of all important factors affecting global strategic stability.

The two sides note that certain nuclear weapon states have taken a series of negative measures, undermining global strategic stability, exacerbating the arms race, raising conflict risks, and posing a serious threat to international peace and security, urging relevant countries to abandon the Cold War mentality and zero-sum game, resolve concerns through equal dialogue and mutually respectful consultations, enhance mutual trust, avoid dangerous misjudgments, and abandon measures with strategic risks.

The two sides note that one of the strategic risks that urgently needs to be eliminated is the implementation of military alliance expansion by certain nuclear weapon states in sensitive areas around other nuclear weapon states, the use of military pressure, or the implementation of hostile actions that threaten the fundamental security interests of other countries. The two sides condemn certain nuclear weapon states for developing unlimited global multi-level anti-missile systems, deploying land-based intermediate and short-range missiles abroad targeting other nuclear weapon states, advancing the so-called "extended deterrence" and "nuclear sharing" arrangements that are highly destructive, harming regional stability and global security. The two sides oppose all kinds of provocative actions that raise tensions and strategic risks against nuclear weapon states.

The two sides reaffirm their adherence to the "Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races" issued on January 3, 2022, and call on the participating countries of the statement to take practical actions to fulfill their corresponding commitments.

The two sides reaffirm their opposition to individual countries defining and using outer space as a "combat domain," advocate for all countries to make political commitments not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space, and advocate for the early launch of multilateral negotiations on the basis of the China-Russia draft "Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects" to formulate an instrument with international legal binding force to prevent an arms race in outer space.

The two sides reaffirm that arms control is an important means to enhance international security and stability, and destructive measures will hinder efforts in the field of arms control. The two sides are committed to practicing true multilateralism and support the central role of the United Nations and its relevant multilateral mechanisms in the arms control process.

The two sides will continue to be committed to maintaining the authority of international legal instruments such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Biological Weapons Convention, and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and promote the implementation of the UN General Assembly resolution "Promoting International Cooperation for Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security."

The two sides reaffirm the common positions on ensuring international information security established in the intergovernmental agreement of May 8, 2015. They oppose attempts by individual countries to use advantages in information and communication technology to capture their own geopolitical interests and create threats to international security, noting that information and communication technology should be used for peaceful purposes. The two sides are committed to strengthening practical bilateral and multilateral cooperation on international information security issues based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.

The two sides welcome the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention") by the UN General Assembly. This is the first universal international convention in the field of information security. China and Russia plan to be among the first countries to sign the Convention and call on the entire international community to follow the example of the two countries, support the early entry into force of the Convention and the launch of relevant member state cooperation mechanisms to effectively combat information and communication technology crimes. The two sides will actively participate in the negotiation of additional protocols to the Convention on issues such as criminalization, and continuously promote the improvement of international cooperation mechanisms for combating cybercrime.

To create an international information security system and an open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful information and communication technology environment, the two sides support the discussion and formulation of new international legal instruments with universal participation in the United Nations based on existing codes of conduct for states. They welcome the launch of a future permanent mechanism for international information security within the UN framework, detailed discussion of the functions and scope of future legal instruments with international legal effect in the field of information security, including new issues such as data security and supply chain stability.

The two sides, subject to compliance with relevant laws, are jointly committed to ensuring the functional integrity, stability, and security of each country's internet system, and firmly oppose the use of low-orbit network communication satellite systems to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.

The two sides reaffirm that they will further strengthen cooperation and coordinate positions on platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to jointly combat major global security threats such as terrorism, separatism, extremism, transnational organized crime, illegal drug trafficking, and crimes using new technologies.

The two sides believe that it is necessary to firmly resist the spread of any extreme ideologies that breed terrorism and extremism in today's world, and never allow support for and use of terrorist groups and other extreme forces to achieve political goals, including undermining the stability of other countries and interfering in their internal affairs. The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in combating international terrorism and extremism, jointly combat terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist organizations and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of China and Russia.

IX

The two sides strongly condemn the hegemonic practices of certain countries and their allies who attempt to substitute legal concepts, pressure countries pursuing independent foreign policies, and distort historical truths for short-term interests.

The two sides express deep concern about the confrontational policies and related statements adopted by certain countries and their allies, urging them to stop interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining existing security architectures in various regions of the world, artificially drawing lines between countries, and instigating camp confrontation.

The two sides firmly oppose efforts to incite other countries to adopt hostile positions towards China and Russia around the world and to smear China-Russia cooperation. China and Russia will strengthen coordination and resolutely respond to the US implementation of "dual containment" against China and Russia.

The two sides note that the United States and its allies are attempting to advance NATO's eastward expansion to the Asia-Pacific, create "small circles" in the Asia-Pacific region, draw in countries of the region to implement their "Indo-Pacific Strategy," and undermine regional peace, stability, and prosperity. The two sides oppose the construction of "nuclear sharing" military alliances targeting China and Russia, oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons systems in the region under the pretext of strengthening "extended deterrence" arrangements, and oppose the deployment of global anti-missile systems and land-based intermediate-range missile systems that undermine strategic stability.

The two sides will coordinate to promote the creation of a space in Asia for strengthening security cooperation and promoting development and prosperity, deepen coordination and cooperation on regional platforms, and jointly propose and implement cooperation initiatives in various fields through multilateral mechanisms.

The two sides will consolidate cooperation with ASEAN and maintain regional stability and prosperity.

The two sides will strengthen coordination within the framework of ASEAN-led mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum, and ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus, and promote the construction of an Asian regional security architecture based on compliance with international law norms, mutual respect, openness, and inclusiveness.

The Russian side supports China and ASEAN countries in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. The two sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations by directly concerned parties, and firmly oppose external forces' interference in the South China Sea issue. The Russian side supports China and ASEAN countries in fully and effectively implementing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, and welcomes the early conclusion of the "Code of Conduct in the South China Sea."

The two sides welcome Russia's assumption of the rotating chairmanship of the "Greater Tumen Initiative" in 2025, support strengthening cooperation in Northeast Asia, deepen cooperation among "Greater Tumen Initiative" member countries in transportation, energy, trade and investment, digital economy, agriculture, tourism, environment, and other fields, and explore the transition of the "Greater Tumen Initiative" to an independent international organization.

The two sides advocate that political and diplomatic means are the only way to promote a comprehensive resolution of the Korean Peninsula issue, urge relevant countries to abandon policies of implementing unilateral mandatory measures and suppression against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, as well as policies aimed at promoting militarization in Northeast Asia and provoking confrontation, take effective measures to promote the easing of tensions, and eliminate the threat of armed incidents and large-scale military conflicts on the peninsula. The two sides believe that mutual respect for sovereignty and balanced consideration of the interests of all concerned countries are necessary conditions for resolving the peninsula issue. The two sides reaffirm their willingness to play a constructive role in promoting the political settlement process of the peninsula issue and achieving lasting peace and stability in the Northeast Asia region.

The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, promoting Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified, and peaceful country, free from the harms of terrorism and drugs, and living in harmony with all neighboring countries. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers' Meeting of Afghanistan's Neighboring Countries, the "Moscow Format" consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran four-country mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.

X

For a steady and lasting resolution of the Ukraine crisis, the two sides believe it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis on the basis of full and complete compliance with the principles of the UN Charter, adhering to the principle of indivisible security, and taking into account the reasonable security interests and concerns of all countries. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to peace. The Russian side positively evaluates China's objective and impartial position on the Ukraine issue and welcomes China's willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means. The Chinese side will continue to work through platforms such as the "Friends of Peace" group to promote a political settlement of the crisis.

The two sides believe that the Collective Security Treaty Organization plays an important role in maintaining regional stability, including in combating cross-border threats and challenges such as international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, organized crime, and illegal immigration. The two sides emphasize that China and the Collective Security Treaty Organization have cooperation potential in maintaining peace and security in the Eurasian continent and jointly preventing external forces from undermining regional stability.

The two sides believe that the Commonwealth of Independent States is an important factor in ensuring regional stability and sustainable cooperation between countries, support the role of the CIS as an efficient integration organization, and support close cooperation between the CIS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in areas of common concern.

The two sides will continue to be committed to maintaining stability in the Central Asian region and promoting the steady economic and social development of the region.

The two sides highly appreciate the prospects for further strengthening China-Russia-Mongolia trilateral comprehensive cooperation and building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, will actively promote the implementation of key cooperation projects and matters under the corridor, and unanimously agree to continue to assist Mongolia in integrating into regional integration processes such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The two sides call for maintaining stability in the Middle East region and advocate resolving sensitive issues through political and diplomatic means. The two sides emphasize that the Palestinian issue must be resolved comprehensively, justly, and durably on the basis of recognized international law and the "two-state solution," establishing an independent Palestinian state that coexists peacefully and securely with Israel.

The two sides support the comprehensive resolution of the Syrian issue on the basis of broadly conducting national dialogue, support Syria in maintaining national sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, and believe that Syria should firmly oppose all forms of terrorism and extremist forces.

The two sides will actively cooperate to consolidate security in the Gulf region and promote mutual trust and sustainable development among countries in the region.

The two sides emphasize that properly resolving the Iranian nuclear issue is related to maintaining the international nuclear non-proliferation system and peace and stability in the Middle East region, and the two sides will play a positive and constructive role in this regard. They call on all parties concerned to adhere to resolving disputes through political and diplomatic means, effectively maintain the authority of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, comprehensively balance the goals of nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful use of nuclear energy, and reach a solution that takes into account the reasonable concerns of all parties through dialogue and negotiation. They oppose any party resorting to the use of force to resolve issues, illegal unilateral mandatory measures, and effectively prevent escalation of the situation.

The two sides are committed to continuing to deepen constructive cooperation in various fields with African countries and major regional integration organizations such as the African Union, and are willing to support African countries in achieving the ambitious goals set out in the African Union's "Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want," adhering to the principle of "African solutions to African problems." The two sides agree that the achievement of peace, stability, and true independence and autonomy by African countries is the foundation for the development, prosperity, and modernization of the African continent. The two sides welcome cooperation between BRICS countries and African countries in various fields, will continue to strengthen communication and cooperation on African affairs, and support South Africa as the rotating chair of the G20 in leading global governance towards a more just and reasonable direction.

The two sides welcome the willingness of Latin American and Caribbean countries to engage in mutually beneficial cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect, and consideration of each other's interests, and are willing to strengthen cooperation with relevant countries and mechanisms in the region, including regional organizations such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, MERCOSUR, the Andean Community, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, the Pacific Alliance, and the Caribbean Community, as well as strengthen cooperation with them in international multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the G20, and BRICS, to jointly promote stability and prosperity in the region.

The two sides advocate maintaining peace and stability in the Arctic region and preventing military-political tensions in the region.

President of the People's Republic of China President of the Russian Federation
Xi Jinping Vladimir V. Putin
May 8, 2025, Moscow